Paint stripping compositions

ABSTRACT

This invention concerns a composition useful as a paint remover, comprising: an organic carbonate, an alcohol, an activator, hydrogen peroxide, and water. The alcohol may be benzyl alcohol. The organic carbonate may be propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, or combination thereof. The activator may be an alkyl-substituted cycloalkane (naphthene), a soy oil, an alkyl soyate, or combination thereof.

[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S.application Ser. No. 09/459,013, filed Dec. 10, 1999, which is acontinuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 09/417,137,filed Oct. 12, 1999, which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No.09/083,402, filed May 22, 1998, which claims priority to U.S.provisional application serial No. 60/047,529, filed May 23, 1997 andU.S. provisional serial No. 60/048,450, filed Jun. 3, 1997.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

[0002] This invention relates to compositions for paint and coatingremoval. More particularly, this invention relates to compositionscontaining hydrogen peroxide, water, and an organic carbonate, such aspropylene carbonate, and optionally an activator and an alcohol.

[0003] Paint removing compositions are commonly used in industry, suchas for stripping paint from airplane fuselages. Conventional paintremover compositions include methylene chloride, phenol, or caustic.Each of these materials, however, has inherent problems during use.While methylene chloride based compositions are very effective as paintremovers, methylene chloride is a highly volatile material which isconsidered toxic. Similarly, phenol is highly toxic. Furthermore,caustic causes bums and attacks aluminum. Due to the deficiencies anddisadvantages of conventional paint removing compositions, new paintremoving compositions are highly desirable.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

[0004] The present invention provides a solution to one or more of thedisadvantages and deficiencies described above.

[0005] In one broad respect, this invention is a composition useful as apaint remover, comprising: an organic carbonate, hydrogen peroxide, andwater. This composition, in another broad respect, is composition usefulas a paint remover, comprising: an organic carbonate, an alcohol, anactivator, hydrogen peroxide, and water. Representative examples of suchactivators include vegetable oils, naphthene, and alkyl soyate, whichcan improve the performance of the composition in some paint strippingapplications. A representative example of an alcohol that may be used inthis composition is benzyl alcohol (C₆H₅CH₂OH). In another broadrespect, this invention is a process for manufacture of a paint remover,comprising: combining effective amounts an organic carbonate, anactivator, an alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and water to form a misciblecomposition.

[0006] In another broad respect, this invention is a process forremoving paint, comprising: applying a composition containing an organiccarbonate, hydrogen peroxide, and water to a painted surface for a timeand under conditions effective to cause blistering or bubbling of thepaint. In another broad respect, this invention is a process forremoving paint, comprising: applying a composition a painted surface fora time and under conditions effective to cause blistering or bubbling ofthe paint, wherein the composition comprises effective amounts of anorganic carbonate, an activator, an alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, andwater.

[0007] In another broad respect, this invention is a composition usefulas a paint remover, comprising: effective amounts of an organiccarbonate, a thickener, hydrogen peroxide, and water. This compositionmay also include an activator and an alcohol. This composition mayoptionally contain a thickener such as a polyvinyl pyrrolidonethickener. Likewise, the composition may include a compatibilizer suchas a glycol ether. As used herein, the phrase “effective amount” meansan amount of a given component, or combination of given components, thatis component effective to provide a composition capable of removing atleast a portion of the paint from a painted surface. A variety ofamounts will be effective in the practice of this invention. Routineexperimentation by testing compositions as paint removers is all that isneeded to determine effective amounts.

[0008] In another broad respect, this invention is a process forremoving paint, comprising: applying a composition containing effectiveamounts of (a) an organic carbonate, (b) a thickener, (c) hydrogenperoxide and (d) water to a painted surface for a time and underconditions effective to cause blistering or bubbling of the paint. Thiscomposition may also include an activator and an alcohol.

[0009] The surfaces to be treated may be sealed with a variety ofsealants, such as polysulfide, polyurethane, lacquer, epoxy, and thelike. The compositions can be used to remove paints and coatings fromfurniture, automobiles, boats, trains, airplanes, military vehicles, andso forth.

[0010] This invention has a number of advantages. For example, thecompositions have several important attributes, including low toxicity,high efficacy in removing paint and coatings, and neutral pH (orslightly acidic or slightly basic pH). Furthermore, in the case ofpropylene carbonate, the propylene carbonate breaks down into propyleneglycol, which is non-toxic. Likewise, hydrogen peroxide decomposes overtime to water. Hence, the propylene carbonate compositions of thisinvention are environmentally friendly, particularly as compared tochlorinated hydrocarbons and the like which are commonly used for paintand coating removing. In addition, the compositions of this inventioncause blistering and bubbling in such a short period of time that it isenvisioned that the compositions of this invention might be applied inliquid form, as opposed to the gels which are commonly applied whichlesson evaporation of the chlorinated hydrocarbons, for example.Moreover, the PVP thickened compositions of this invention are peroxidestable, retain their viscosity over time, and provide clean, miscible,solutions free of phase separation, cloudiness, or flocculation. It wassurprisingly found that the PVP thickeners provided superior resultscompared to many other types of thickeners. In particular, thePVP-thickened compositions were unique in providing clear, stablecompositions. Other thickeners such as the polyacrylic acid types formed“clumps” and would not disperse in the formulations. Still others, suchas the Klucel® type, have now been found to thicken initially but thendecrease in viscosity sharply with time on standing.

[0011] It has further been advantageously found that by employinghydrogen peroxide in the form of an at least 50% aqueous solution, amiscible solution forms with alkylene carbonate. In the context of thisinvention, by miscible solution it is meant a single phase solution. Theresulting composition has surprisingly superior paint removingproperties, which is believed to be due to the limited amount of waterpresent. The compositions may be blended with additional cosolvents,activators, corrosion inhibitors, and the like, or may be used directlyto effect paint removal. The compositions of this invention mayadvantageously be non-flammable, of low volatility and free ofcarcinogenic chemicals.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0012] The compositions of this invention contain an organic carbonate,hydrogen peroxide, and water. This composition may also include anactivator and an alcohol. The composition may also include a thickener.Likewise, the composition may include one or more compatibilizer or aco-solvents.

[0013] The hydrogen peroxide and water can be conveniently obtained fromcommercial sources as aqueous hydrogen peroxide solutions of varyingpercentages. Hydrogen peroxide is commonly available in aqueoussolutions at a concentration of from about 1 to about 80 percent. Forexample, industrial solutions are often 30 percent or more by weighthydrogen peroxide solutions. It has been found that in the practice ofthis invention, the use of a 50% aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution isparticularly effective. It may be appreciated that highly concentratedhydrogen peroxide should be handled carefully and appropriately sincesuch materials are considered strong oxidizers. It may also be notedthat once the concentrated hydrogen peroxide solution is admixed withcarbonate, the concentration of hydrogen peroxide decreases which thusreduces the hazardous nature of the final composition. For example, whenthe overall concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the admixedcomposition is less than about 30%, special precautions need not betaken to handle the composition. Use of an aqueous hydrogen peroxidesolution having a concentration of from about 30% to about 50% ispreferred in the practice of this invention. In this regard, it shouldbe appreciated that a lower hydrogen peroxide concentration of theaqueous solution may require use of cosolvents, surfactants, or the liketo provide a miscible final composition.

[0014] In one embodiment of this invention, the amount of hydrogenperoxide in the total composition is at least 4 percent by weight. Inanother embodiment, the amount of hydrogen peroxide in the totalcomposition is at least 10 percent by weight. In another embodiment ofthis invention, the amount of hydrogen peroxide is at least 15 percentby weight of the total composition or, alternatively, at least 35percent by weight. The composition may be diluted. If diluted, the finalperoxide amount is preferably in the range from about 3 percent byweight to about 9 percent by weight.

[0015] The organic carbonate used in the practice may be an alkylenecarbonate, a dialkyl carbonate, or combination thereof. More than onealkylene or dialkyl carbonate or combination thereof may be employed,such as use of both ethylene and propylene carbonate or ethylene orpropylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate. It should be appreciatedthat the alkylene carbonates are cyclic carbonates. In general, theamount of carbonate in the thickened compositions may vary from about0.1% to about 90%. Typically, the amount of the carbonate is in therange from about 25% to about 75%. In one embodiment, the amount of thecarbonate is in the range from about 40% to about 50% of the totalcomposition. In another embodiment, the carbonate is present in amountof at least about 20% by weight. In another embodiment, the amount ofcarbonate is greater than 50% by weight.

[0016] Concentrated compositions may range from about 8 to about 15percent peroxide with the balance being water and dialkyl carbonate ordialkyl carbonate and alkylene carbonate.

[0017] The alkylene carbonate used in the present invention can containfrom 2 to 10 carbon atoms. Representative examples of alkylenecarbonates that may be employed in the practice of this inventioninclude ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate. In the practice ofthis invention, propylene carbonate is preferred.

[0018] The dialkyl carbonate used in the present invention may containfrom 3 to 25 carbon atoms. The dialkyl carbonate may be of formulaR—CO₃—R′, wherein R and R′ may be the same or different, and mayindependently in each occurrence be alkyl of from 1 to about 12 carbonatoms. In one embodiment, the dialkyl carbonate may be dimethylcarbonate, diethyl carbonate, or a mixture thereof.

[0019] Vegetable oils may be used in the compositions disclosed herein,particularly soybean oil. Soybean oil has the advantage of being aabundant and relatively inexpensive vegetable oil. Other oils that maybe employed include cottonseed oil, oil from nuts such as peanuts,sunflower seed oil, rape seed oil, coconut oil, flaxseed (linseed) oil,sesame seed oil, palm kernel oil, and safflower seed oil. As usedherein, “soy oil” and “soybean oil” refer to natural oil extracted fromwhole soybeans. Soy oil, preferred in the practice of this invention, islow in saturated fat, contains no protein, and principally containsoleic acid and linoleic acid.

[0020] The amount of vegetable oil used in the practice of thisinvention may vary widely. In general, the amount of vegetable oil maybe from about 0.1 percent by weight to about 90 percent by weight, moretypically up to about 50 percent by weight. In one embodiment of thisinvention, the vegetable oil is present in an amount in the range fromabout 0.1 to about 5 percent by weight of the total composition. It maybe appreciated that at higher loadings (for example, above about 5percent) of vegetable oil, a compatibilizer may be needed to form amiscible solution.

[0021] The alkyl-substituted cycloalkanes may include naphthenes. Thenaphthenes that may employed in the practice of this invention may varywidely. Generally, as used herein, naphthene refers to a cycloalkanethat contains 5 to 9 carbon atoms per molecule. Representative,non-limiting examples of such cycloalkanes that may be used in thepractice of this invention include cyclopentane, cyclohexane,methylcyclopentane, cycloheptane, 1,1-dimethylcyclopentane,1,2-dimethylcyclopentane, 1,3-dimethylcyclopentane, ethylcyclopentane,n-propylcyclopentane, methylcyclohexane, 1,1-dimethylcyclohexane,1,2-dimethylcyclohexane, 1,3-dimethylcyclohexane, ethylcyclohexane,cyclooctane, mixtures thereof, and the like. As used herein, naphthenesmay also be referred to as alkyl-substituted cyclo-alkanes.

[0022] The amount of alkyl-substituted cycloalkane used in the practiceof this invention may vary widely. In general, the amount ofalkyl-substituted cycloalkane may be from about 0.1 percent by weight toabout 90 percent by weight, more typically in the range from about 5 toabout 50 percent by weight. In one embodiment of this invention, thealkyl-substituted cycloalkane is present in an amount in the range from15 to about 45 percent by weight of the total composition. In anotherembodiment, the amount of alkyl-substituted cycloalkane is in the rangefrom about 20 to about 45 percent.

[0023] In the compositions containing an alkyl-substituted cycloalkaneor vegetable oil, an alkyl soyates such as methyl soyate can be employedto function as an activator. While the alkyl soyates may function as acompatibilizer in some instances, in compositions containingalkyl-substituted cyclo-alkanes, the soyate serves as an activator. Analkyl soyate is an alkyl ester derived from the fatty acids such asoleic acid and linoleic acid that are present in soybean oil. Methylsoyate may also be referred to as a soy methyl ester (CAS No.67784-80-9).

[0024] The amount of alkyl soyate used in the practice of this inventionmay vary widely. Typically the total amount of alkyl soyate compound isfrom about 0.1 to about 50 percent by weight of the total composition.In one embodiment, the amount is up to about 40 percent by weight. Inone embodiment when using an alkyl-substituted cyclo-alkane, the amountmay be from about 0.1 to about 5 percent by weight. However, in otherembodiments, the amount may be in the range from about 10 to about 30percent by weight.

[0025] The compositions of this invention may optionally include analcohol. Representative examples of such alcohols include methanol,ethanol, propanol, butanol, and benzyl alcohol. In the practice of thisinvention, benzyl alcohol is preferred. Generally, compositions of thisinvention contain from 0 to about 90 percent by weight alcohol. For theremoval of certain types of coatings, it has been found the efficiencyof the carbonate, hydrogen peroxide water solution may be improved bythe addition of an alcohol.

[0026] The lactates that may employed in the practice of this invention,which may also be added as a compatibilizer, may vary widely. Thelactates that may be used in the practice of this invention typicallycontain up to about 20 carbons. The lactates used in the practice ofthis invention generally include esters of lactic acid, such as methyllactate, ethyl lactate, propyl lactate, butyl lactate, isopropyllactate, isobutyl lactate or the like, or mixtures thereof.

[0027] The amount of lactate used in the practice of this invention mayvary widely. Typically the total amount of lactate compound is fromabout 0.1 to about 50 percent by weight of the total composition. In oneembodiment, the amount is from about 5 to about 40 percent by weight. Inanother embodiment, the amount is in the range from about 10 to about 30percent by weight.

[0028] In addition to the components described above, it is contemplatedthat the compositions of this invention may optionally contain otheractivators such as formic or oxalic acid, thickeners, glycol ethers suchas propylene glycol methyl ether (PM), dipropylene glycol methyl ether(DPM), or dipropylene glycol n-butyl ether (DPNB), surfactants, acids orbases, stabilizers, corrosion inhibitors, and other additives commonlyused in paint removers.

[0029] PVP is particularly preferred as the thickener in the practice ofthis invention. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) is a well known polymer withwell known methods of manufacture. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone is availablecommercially in a variety of molecular weights. The PVP may besubstituted with a variety of groups. The amount of PVP employed is anamount sufficient to provide a thickened composition having a viscosityin the range from about 500 centipoise to about 5,000 centipoise,preferably from about 1,000 centipoise to about 2,000 centipoise. ThePVP amount needed to achieve these viscosities will vary depending onthe type of PVP employed. In general, the amount of thickener may be inthe range from about 1 to about 50 percent by weight of the totalcomposition, more typically from about 5 to about 25 percent, and in oneembodiment from about 5 to about 20 percent. In one embodiment, thepolyvinyl pyrrolidone is present in an amount up to about 10 percent byweight of the composition.

[0030] In certain embodiments of this invention, the compositionscontain from about 10 to about 90 percent by weight of the carbonate,from about 0.1 to about 10 percent PVP thickener, from about 0.1 toabout 20 percent by weight hydrogen peroxide, and from about 0.1 toabout 30 percent water.

[0031] Non-limiting examples of representative thickeners includecellulose ethers such hydroxypropyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, ethylhydroxyethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, and other alkyl or hydroxyalkyl cellulose; silica including colloidal silica; clays such asbentonite and montmorillonite starch; alumina including colloidalalumina; gum arabic; tragacanth; agar; sugar derivatives; high molecularweight polyethylene oxides; guar gum; xanthan gum; polyvinyl pyrrolidoneand methyl vinyl ether/maleic anhydride copolymers. It has been foundthat certain hydroxy alkyl cellulose ethers and certain experimentalpolymers are particularly effective and resistant to breakdown in thepractice of this invention. Such cellulose ethers are availablecommercially from The Dow Chemical Company under the trade nameMethocal® F4MPRG and Dow's Experimental Polymer SCS 41067.06. Anotherpreferred thickener in the practice of this invention is polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). When a thickener is used, the amount of suchthickener can vary depending on the desired level of thickening for thegiven application. In general, the amount of thickener employed is about1 to about 4 percent by weight.

[0032] Non-limiting examples of representative corrosion inhibitorsinclude ethoxylated butynediol, petroleum sulfonates, blends ofpropargyl alcohol and thiourea. If used, the amount of such corrosioninhibitors is typically up to about 10% by weight of the totalcomposition.

[0033] Chelating agents may also be added to the composition of thisinvention to complex with metal ions which may cause degradation of theperoxide. When used, chelating agents may be used in an amount up toabout 10% by weight of the total composition. Representative examples ofsuch chelating agents include, but are not limited to, ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and its metal salts, diethylene triaminepentaacetic acid, polyphosphates and phosphonic acids, and the like.

[0034] Non-limiting examples of representative surfactants which mayoptionally be used in the practice of this invention include non-ionic,anionic, cationic and amphoteric surfactants, such as monocarboxylcocoimidoazoline, higher alkyl sulfate sodium salts, tridecyloxypoly(alkyleneoxy ethanol), ethoxylated or propoxylated alkyl phenol,alkyl sulfoamides, C₁₀₋₁₈ alkaryl sulfonates such as alkylbenzenesulfonates, cocoamphaodipropionate, cetylpalmitic alkanol amides,hydrogenated castor oil, isooctylphenyl polyethoxy ethanol, sorbitanmonopalmitate, C₈₋₁₈ alkyl pyrrolidone, cocoaminopropionic acid andpolyethoxy amino salts thereof. When used, the amount of surfactantshould be sufficient to render the composition miscible. Typically theamount of surfactant is from about 0.1 to about 10 percent by weight ofthe total composition.

[0035] The compositions of this invention may also optionally contain awide variety of other organic cosolvents. Likewise, the presentinvention may be practiced in the absence of one or more of suchsolvents. Non-limiting examples of representative classes of such othercosolvents include hydrocarbons apart from the alkyl-substitutedcycloalkanes, glycols, glycol ethers, glycol ether esters, ethers,esters, phenols, glycols, sulfur-based solvents, chlorinatedhydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons nitrated hydrocarbons, amides, andketones. Such cosolvents may be polar or non-polar, may be protic oraprotic, may be cyclic, branched, or straight-chain, and may contain oneor more functional groups. Representative examples of common hydrocarbonsolvents include hexane, toluene, xylene, and mixtures of aliphatic andaromatic hydrocarbons. Representative examples of common ether solventsinclude dibutyl ether, ethyl ether, and diphenyl ether. Representativeexamples of common ester solvents and lactones include material such asbutyrolactone, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, DBE (dibasic ester mixturefrom DuPont). Representative examples of common phenols include phenoland the cresols and resorinols. Representative examples of common glycolsolvents include ethylene, propylene and butylene glycols as well asmethyl propane diol. Representative examples of common sulfur-basedsolvents include dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and sulfolane. Representativeexamples of common chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents include methylenechloride, methyl chloroform, chlorobenzenes and dichlorobenzenes.Representative examples of common nitrated hydrocarbon solvents includenitroethane and nitropropane. Representative examples of common amidesolvents include formamide, dimethyl formamide, acetamide, anddimethylacetamide. Representative examples of common ketone solventsinclude acetone, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), and methyl isobutyl ketoneand methyl isoamylbutone.

[0036] When a given composition containing the carbonate does not form amiscible composition, a co-solvent may be used to provide a misciblecomposition. For instance, a glycol ether may be added as a co-solventin an amount effective to solubilize the components of the mixture. Suchglycol ethers may be included for other purposes as well. Such amountsmay vary depending on the specific composition of interest, as one ofskill in the art may appreciate. The particular type and amount ofglycol ether which will afford a miscible composition may be identifiedby routine experimentation. Typically, the amount of glycol etheremployed is less than about 90 percent by weight, and more typicallyfrom about 10 percent to about 50 percent. Also, an alcohol or alkylenecarbonate may be beneficially employed as a co-solvent to providemiscible dialkyl carbonate compositions of this invention.

[0037] The conditions under which the paint stripping process of thisinvention may be practiced may vary. Typically, the process will beconducted under ambient atmospheric conditions. Temperatures from 0° F.to about 125° F., although higher temperatures may be used. The paintremover composition may be applied by any convenient method such as bydipping, spraying, or brushing the composition onto the paint surface.For resistant painted surfaces it may be desirable to apply thecomposition two or more times to fully separate the paint from thesurface. It may be desirable to use a rag, scraper, sand blaster, or thelike to fully remove paint chips from the surface after the paintremover composition has been given time to fully act. Alternatively,high pressure water spray may be employed to remove paint chips andresidual paint remover composition. It may be appreciated that the timerequired for the paint remover composition to act will vary due to avariety of factors such as temperature, paint type, and particular paintremover formulation being used. In general, application times arebetween one minute and one hour, although longer application times maybe used.

[0038] In the practice of this invention, it is contemplated that athickener may be admixed into a stripping composition just prior to use.This is particularly desirable if thickeners are employed which are notstable in the hydrogen peroxide compositions for extended periods oftime. Admixing may be effected by standard techniques, such as stirringagitation, and rolling. The particular mixing method must be tailored tothe specific system being thickened. Likewise, the order or rate ofaddition of thickener and any other additives or components must betailored to the specific solvent combination involved. Advantageously,the PVP thickened compositions may be made and stored for extendedperiods of time.

[0039] The following examples are illustrative of this invention and arenot intended to be limit the scope of the invention or claims hereto.Unless otherwise denoted all percentages are by weight. In the tables,“N/A” denotes “not available.”

EXAMPLE 1 Propylene Carbonate Composition

[0040] Various compositions were prepared containing propylenecarbonate, as indicated in Table 1. In Table 1, the values for benzylalcohol, propylene carbonate, formic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and waterare based on weight percentages. The benzyl alcohol is an optionallyincluded co-solvent. The hydrogen peroxide was delivered from a 30%aqueous solution. The compositions were applied to a standard aluminumpanel having paint and coatings for military use (obtained fromScientific Material International, Inc. of Miami, Fla., Lot 96046-A24″×5″, MIL-P-2337 primer, MIL-S-81733 Type 3 polysulfide sealant,MIL-C-83286), and allowed to sit on the panels. The propylenecarbonate/hydrogen peroxide/water compositions was surprisinglyeffective in removing the paint and coatings. In Table 1, the runs inwhich hydrogen peroxide or propylene carbonate are lacking are notrepresentative of the invention, and are presented for purposes ofcomparison only. Bubbling and blistering were observed by visualinspection.

[0041] The compositions have several important attributes, including lowtoxicity, high efficacy in removing paint and coatings, and neutral pH(or slightly acidic or slightly basic pH). Furthermore, propylenecarbonate breaks down into propylene glycol, which is non-toxic, andhydrogen peroxide decomposes to water. Hence, the propylene carbonatecompositions of this invention are environmentally friendly,particularly as compared to chlorinated hydrocarbons and the like whichare commonly used for paint and coating removing. In addition, thecompositions of this invention cause blistering and bubbling in such ashort period of time that it is envisioned that the compositions of thisinvention can be applied in liquid form, as opposed to the gels whichare commonly applied which lesson evaporation of the chlorinatedhydrocarbons, for example. However, on difficult to remove coatings onvertical surfaces, thickeners such as Klucel H (Hercules, AqualonDivision), Dow's Methocell® F4MPRG or Dow's experimental polymer XCS41067.06 may be required to obtain effective coating removal. TABLE 1Benzyl Propylene Formic Hydrogen Wa- Minutes to Minutes to AlcoholCarbonate Acid peroxide ter Blister Bubble 60 40 0 0 0 720* N/A 58.238.8 3 0 0 N/A 360* 56.4 37.6 6 0 0 N/A 345* 80 0 6 14  24  64 54 36 0 37  32  44 48 32 0 6 14  20  35 40 40 0 6 14  20  28 30 50 0 6 14  25  3320 60 0 6 14  31  38 80 0 0 6 14 Immiscible, 2 phases*

EXAMPLE 2 Ethylene Carbonate Composition

[0042] Various compositions were prepared containing ethylene carbonate,as indicated in Table 2. In Table 2, the values for benzyl alcohol,ethylene carbonate, formic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and water are basedon weight percentages. As in Example 1, the compositions were applied toa standard panel having paint and coatings for military use (obtainedfrom Scientific Material International, Inc., Lot 96046-A2 4″×5″,MIL-P-2337 primer, MIL-S-81733 Type 3 polysulfide sealant, MIL-C-83286).The ethylene carbonate/benzyl alcohol/hydrogen peroxide/watercompositions were surprisingly effective in removing the paint andcoatings. In Table 2, the runs in which hydrogen peroxide or ethylenecarbonate are lacking are not representative of the invention, and arepresented for purposes of comparison only.

[0043] The compositions have several important attributes, including lowtoxicity, high efficacy in removing paint and coatings, and neutral pH(or slightly acidic or slightly basic pH). In addition, the compositionsof this invention cause blistering and bubbling in such a short periodof time that it is envisioned that the compositions of this inventioncan be applied in liquid form, as opposed to the gels which are commonlyapplied which lesson evaporation of the chlorinated hydrocarbons, forexample. However, on difficult to remove coatings on vertical surfaces,thickeners such as Klucel H (Hercules, Aqualon Division) or Dow'sMethocal® F4MPRG or Dow's experimental polymer XCS 41067.006 may berequired to obtain effective coating removal. TABLE 2 Benzyl EthyleneFormic Hydrogen Wa- Minutes to Minutes to Alcohol Carbonate Acidperoxide ter Blister Bubble 60 40 0 0 0 >150* N/A 58.2 38.8 3 0 0 100* >150* 56.4 37.6 6 0 0  41* >150* 54 36 0 3 7  30  36 45 45 0 3 7 33  40 48 32 0 6 14  20  30 40 40 0 6 14  25  35 42 28 0 9 21  20  3235 35 0 9 21  20  35

EXAMPLE 3 Dialkyl Carbonate Compositions

[0044] Various compositions were prepared containing the dialkylcarbonates dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC), asindicated in Table 3. In Table 3, the values for benzyl alcohol (BA),propylene carbonate (PC), propylene glycol n-butyl ether (PNB), anddipropylene glycol n-butyl ether (DPNB) are based on weight percentages.For some of the compositions in Table 3 denoted with a “†” in theMiscible column, a glycol ether was needed to form a misciblecomposition. As in Example 1, the compositions were applied to astandard panel having paint and coatings for military use (obtained fromScientific Material International, Inc., Lot 96046-A2 4″×5″, MIL-P-2337primer, MIL-S-81733 Type 3 polysulfide sealant, MIL-C-83286). Thedialkyl carbonate compositions were surprisingly effective in removingthe paint and coatings. In Table 3, the runs in which the compositionwas not miscible are not representative of the invention, and arepresented for purposes of comparison only.

[0045] The compositions have several important attributes, including lowtoxicity, high efficacy in removing paint and coatings, and neutral pH(or slightly acidic or slightly basic pH). In addition, the compositionsof this invention cause blistering and bubbling in such a short periodof time that it is envisioned that the compositions of this inventioncan be applied in liquid form, as opposed to the gels which are commonlyapplied which lesson evaporation of the chlorinated hydrocarbons, forexample. However, on difficult to remove coatings on vertical surfaces,thickeners such as Klucel H (Hercules, Aqualon Division) or Dow'sMethocal® F4MPRG or Dow's Experimental polymer XCS 41067.06 may berequired to obtain effective coating removal. TABLE 3 Minutes Misci-Minutes to DMC DEC PC BA PNB DPNB H₂ O₂ Water ble to Blister Bubble 61.50 0 0 23.1 0 4.6 10.8 Yes^(†) 20 30 0 53.3 0 0 0 33.3 4.0 9.3 No* N/AN/A 60 0 20 0 0 0 6.0 14.0 Yes 20 30 40 0 40 0 0 0 6.0 14.0 Yes 30 42 200 60 0 0 0 6.0 14.0 Yes 55 60 0 40.0 13.3 0 0 33.3 4.0 9.3 No* N/A N/A 027.6 27.6 0 0 31.0 4.1 9.6 Yes^(†) 50 60 0 17.4 52.2 0 0 13.0 5.2 12.2Yes^(†) 40 45 50.0 0 0 16.7 16.7 0 5.0 11.6 Yes^(†) 20 30 33.3 0 0 33.316.7 0 5.0 11.7 Yes^(†) 25 30 16.0 0 0 48.0 20.0 0 4.8 11.2 Yes^(†) 2040 0 40.0 0 13.3 0 33.3 4.0 9.3 No* N/A N/A 0 26.7 0 26.7 0 33.3 4.0 9.3No* N/A N/A 0 13.3 0 40.0 0 33.3 4.0 9.3 Yes^(†) 35 55 30 0 30 20 0 0 614 Yes 20 40 20 0 20 40 0 0 6 14 Yes 25 40 8.3 0 8.3 50.0 16.7 0 5.011.7 Yes^(†) 30 45 0 20.0 20.0 13.3 0 33.3 4.0 9.3 Yes^(†) 45 60 0 13.313.3 26.7 0 33.3 4.0 9.3 Yes^(†) 49 60 0 6.7 6.7 40.0 0 33.3 4.0 9.3Yes^(†) 49 60

EXAMPLE 4 Stability of Propylene Carbonate Compositions

[0046] A number of compositions were prepared containing propylenecarbonate (PC), water, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and varying amounts ofstabilizer. The compositions were then placed in containers andperiodically monitored to determine H₂O₂ content. The results arereported in Table 4. TABLE 4 Weight % of Compounds in Original SolutionH₂O₂ Concentration Compo- Amt Of 6 8 10 12 sition PC StabilizerStabilizer H₂O₂ H₂O 2 wks 4 wks wks wks wks wks 4-A 57.1 None — 15.027.9 14.9 14.7 14.4 14.7 13.9 14.6 4-B 61.5 Benzoic 0.1 13.4 25.0 13.513.2 13.1 13.1 Acid 4-C 57.1 Benzoic 0.1 15.0 27.8 15.0 14.8 14.7 13.614.2 14.7 Acid 4-D 57.1 Benzoic 0.05 15.0 27.8 14.9 14.8 14.7 14.9 14.014.7 Acid 4-E 57.1 Benzoic 0.01 15.0 27.9 14.8 14.8 14.7 14.5 12.8 14.6Acid 4-F 57.1 DeQuest ™ 0.1 15.0 27.8 14.9 14.9 15.0 14.7 14.4 14.9 20104-G 57.1 DeQuest ™ 0.05 15.0 27.8 14.9 14.9 14.7 14.1 14.6 12.6 2010 4-H57.1 DeQuest ™ 0.01 15.0 27.9 14.9 15.0 14.8 14.8 14.2 14.6 2010

[0047] The data in Table 4 shows that, surprisingly,carbonate/water/H₂O₂ compositions are stable. Thus, the hydrogenperoxide does not decrease in amount to any appreciable degree over a 12week span. Furthermore, it was found that, unexpectedly, thecompositions were single phase despite high H₂O loadings of 25 percentor more. This is particularly notable because water and propylenecarbonate are only partially miscible. At the loadings in the examplesin Table 4, phase separation occurs in the absence of hydrogen peroxide.While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is contemplated that thehydrogen peroxide functions as a coupler to provide a single phasesolution. The data in Table 4 also appears to suggest that use of astabilizer is not particularly important to maintain a stablecomposition and, as such, is optionally employed in the practice of thisinvention. It is thus notable that compositions having 15 percent ormore peroxide are stable.

[0048] The fluctuations in concentration in Table 4 (i.e., an increasein peroxide) are attributable to normal experimental error.

EXAMPLE 5 Thickened Compositions

[0049] A number of carbonate compositions were prepared by mixingcomponents with stirring. Various thickeners were included in thecompositions. The compositions are described in Table 5-A. In Table 5-A,“a” denotes methyl cellulose (Dow Chemical's Methocell™ 311), “b”denotes hydroxy propyl cellulose (Klucel™ H cellulose from Aqualon), and“c” denotes hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (Methocell™ F4MPRG by DowChemical). TABLE 5-A Weight % of Components Composition Benzyl AlcoholPC H₂O₂ H₂O Thickener 5-A 48.0 32.0 6.3 11.7 2.0b 5-B 46.60 31.00 7.0013.00 2.40b 5-C 45.60 30.40 7.00 13.00 4.00b 5-D 46.32 30.88 7.00 13.002.80a 5-E 46.46 30.97 7.09 13.18 2.30a 5-F 46.32 30.88 7.00 13.00 2.80c5-G 46.46 30.97 7.09 13.18 2.30c 5-H 46.46 30.97 7.09 13.18 2.30b 5-I46.32 30.88 7.00 13.00 2.80b 5-J 46.6 31.1 7.0 13.0 2.3b 5-K 46.5 31.07.0 13.0 2.5b 5-L 46.4 30.9 7.0 13.0 2.7b 5-M 46.3 30.8 7.0 13.0 2.9b5-N 46.6 31.1 7.0 13.0 2.3c 5-O 46.5 31.0 7.0 13.0 2.5c 5-P 46.4 30.97.0 13.0 2.7c 5-Q 46.3 30.8 7.0 13.0 2.9c 5-R 46.7 31.2 7.0 13.0 2.1b5-S 46.9 31.2 7.0 13.0 1.9b 5-T 47.0 31.3 7.0 13.0 1.7b 5-U 47.1 31.47.0 13.0 1.5b

[0050] All of compositions 5-A through 5-U were single phase. Thecompositions were then placed in closed vessels and monitored for bothviscosity stability and H₂O₂ stability. The results of these tests areshown in Table 5-B. “N/A” denotes that no data was collected for thegiven entry.

EXAMPLE 6 Thickened Compositions Using PVP

[0051] A number of carbonate compositions were prepared by mixingcomponents with stirring. The thickener employed was PVP. TABLE 6-A RoomTemperature Viscosity cps H2O2 Concentration, Weight % Compo- 2 4 12-1416 20-21 12-14 16 20-21 sition wks wks 8 wks wks wks wks 2 wks 4 wks 8wks wks wks wks 6-A N/A N/A 2560 1930 2260 1740 6.2 6.3 6.2 6.2 5.9 5.96-B 3720 2740 2860 1960 1610 N/A 6.6 7.1 7.0 6.8 6.8 N/A 6-C 18000 121609440 5200 4380 N/A 7.2 6.9 7.1 7.0 7.0 N/A 6-D 416 97 N/A 96 64 N/A 6.36.5 6.4 6.4 5.9 N/A 6-E 220 55 N/A 78 58 N/A 6.6 6.6 6.4 6.3 6.3 N/A 6-F40400 21280 16080 13300 8640 N/A 7.0 6.9 6.4 6.8 6.8 N/A 6-G 17120 139008400 4500 4400 N/A 5.5 6.7 7.0 6.7 6.8 N/A 6-H 4880 5080 4520 2800 3280N/A 7.1 7.1 6.5 6.5 6.9 N/A 6-I 8320 7640 7680 6760 6400 N/A 7.1 7.1 7.17.1 7.0 N/A 6-J 1380 1155 972 N/A N/A N/A 6.0 7.0 6.2 N/A N/A N/A 6-K1090 528 272 N/A N/A N/A 6.8 6.7 2.4 N/A N/A N/A 6-L 59 32 23 N/A N/AN/A 6.0 5.8 5.5 N/A N/A N/A 6-M 24 20 15 N/A N/A N/A 5.2 4.3 3.9 N/A N/AN/A 6-N 15600 4280 2280 N/A N/A N/A 7.0 7.1 6.5 N/A N/A N/A 6-O 2100 432221 N/A N/A N/A 6.7 6.2 6.3 N/A N/A N/A 6-P 6400 1380 650 N/A N/A N/A6.9 6.8 6.5 N/A N/A N/A 6-Q 46400 19000 11500 N/A N/A N/A 6.6 6.7 6.9N/A N/A N/A 6-R 28 N/A 27.2 N/A N/A N/A 6.1 N/A 5.7 N/A N/A N/A 6-S 16N/A 18.4 N/A N/A N/A 5.6 N/A 5.0 N/A N/A N/A 6-T 29 N/A 24.7 N/A N/A N/A6.3 N/A 5.9 N/A N/A N/A 6-U 33 N/A 26.8 N/A N/A N/A 6.6 N/A 6.2 N/A N/AN/A

[0052] The data in Table 6-A shows that the compositions of thisinvention that optionally contain a thickener are stable. It can be seenthat efficacy of the thickener may vary depending on type of thickeningagent. It can also be seen that in some instances (i.e., 6-R through6-U) that the amount of thickening agent needed to effect thickeningwill vary. Since in general viscosity decreases over time, in someinstances it may be preferable to add the thickener immediatelypreceding application to a surface to be treaded.

[0053] Table 6-B provides additional data on the thickened compositionsthat contain “METHOCEL OS,” which is a hydroethyl cellulose obtainedfrom The Dow Chemical Company. All the samples contained 160 grams of35% H₂O₂ in water. Compositions 5-V through 5-Z contained 1%, 1.25%,1.5%, 1.75% and 2% of the thickener, respectively. TABLE 6-B 50/50 2 wk4 wk 12 wk Compo- BA/PL Thickener Initial Initial 2 wk H₂O₂ 4 wk H₂O₂ 12wk H₂O₂ sition (grams) (grams) Viscosity H₂O₂ Viscosity (%) Viscosity(%) Viscosity (%) 6-V 632  8 11,578 7.0 80,583^(†) 6.9 1,888 6.9 449.96.8 6-W 630 10 28,994 6.9  7,618 6.9 3,787 6.7 764.8 6.7 6-X 628 12130,000 7 14,777 7 15,377 6.6 2052 6.7 6-Y 626 14 157,000 6.9 17,416 6.918,556 6.9 2949 6.8 6-Z 624 16 275,000 7 35,442 7 32,073 6.6 5169 6.8

[0054] TABLE 6-C 35% H₂O₂ 50/50 Thickener in H₂O BA/PC Thickener AmtObservations 160 632 NOPCO DSX 1550 17.4 (8 + 9.4) Clear 160 632HYDROPLAT 535 (8 + 8) 16 Cloudy 160 632 BERMOWELL  8 Two phases EBS 481160 632 GARBOSA P 200 G  8 Flocculated 160 632 AKUCELL AF  8 Flocculated2785 160 632 CELLOSIZE QP-  8 Flocculated 52000 160 632 THICKET  8Flocculated 160 632 Gum Guar  8 Flocculated 160 632 Gum Xanthan  8Flocculated 160 632 Acacia  8 Two phase 160 632 Gum Guar 2-  8Flocculated hydroxypropyl-ether 160 632 PVP 40 (8 + 32) Clear

[0055] The data in Table 6-C demonstrates that certain thickeners arefar more effective than others for the propylene carbonate/peroxidecompositions of this invention. Specifically, several of the commonthickeners do not provide a thickened composition due to flocculation orphase separation.

[0056] In Table 6-C, the PVP was obtained from Aldrich and had amolecular weight of 1,300,000 “HYDROPLAT 535” and “NOPCO DSX 1550” arethickeners sold by Henkel. “BERMOCOLL SPS 481” is an ethyl hydroxyethylcellulose obtained from Akzo. “GARBOSA P 200” is a sodium carboxymethylcellulose obtained from Akzo. “AKUCELL AF 2785” is a sodiumcarboxymethylcellulose obtained from Akzo. “CELLOSIZE QP-52000”hydroxyethyl cellulose obtained from Union Carbide. “THICKIT” is adietary, starch-based thickener used in the medical field.

[0057] In Table 6-D, viscosity data is provided for compositions withvarying amounts of PVP. In each run, the composition contained 160 gramsof 35% aqueous hydrogen peroxide. The amounts of PVP corresponds to 5%,10%, 15% and 20% samples. TABLE 6-D Amt of Initial Viscosity 50/50 Amtof Viscosity after H₂O₂ BA/PC in PVP in (CP at 2 wks (CP at Initial %After 2 grams grams 25° C.) 25° C.) H₂O₂ (%) wks 600 40 85.5 80 6.9 6.9560 80 272 564 7.0 6.7 520 120 2619 2799 7.1 7.0 480 160 9498 10,798 7.06.5

[0058] The data in Table 6-D demonstrates that the PVP-thickenedcompositions are stable for both H₂O₂ and thickener. Thus, the H₂O₂ didnot break down the thickener to an appreciable degree. TABLE 6-E Amt Amtof 35% of 50/50 Compo- H₂O₂ BA/PC Amt of thickener sition (grams)(grams) Thickener (grams) 6-A 86.6 281.4 PVP 65 6-B 100 370 PVP K-80 306-C 100 373 PVP K-90 27 6-D 100 388.75 PVP K-120 11.25 6-E 100 377.5 PVPK-90 22.5 6-F 100 375 STABILEZE 06 25.0 6-G 86.6 281.4 PVP K-120 28.86-H 80 318 STABILEZE 06 10 6-I 80 312 STABILEZE 06 8

[0059] Tables 6-F and 6-G provide stability data for compositions ofTable 6-E. The compositions employ a variety of PVP thickeners. In Table6-E, the viscosity data is in centipose at 25° C. In Table 6-E, theSTABILEZE 06 material is not intended to be an example of aPVP-thickened composition of this invention.

[0060] In Table 6-E, the thickeners may be described as follows:

[0061] “PVP” is product obtained from Aldrich having a 1.3 millionmolecular weight,

[0062] “PVP K-80” is a product obtained from BASF having a molecularweight of 900,000,

[0063] “PVP K-90” is a produce obtained from ISP having a molecularweight of 900,000 to 1,500,000,

[0064] “PVP K-120” is a product obtained from ISP having a molecularweight of 2,200,000 to 2,800,000,

[0065] “STABILEZE 06” is a methyl vinyl ether/maleic anhydride copolymercrosslinked with 1,9-decene, obtained from ISP. The STABILEZE 06material is not intended to be an example of a PVP-thickened compositionof this invention. TABLE 6-F Compo- Initial 2 wk 7 wk 12 wk 22 wk sitionH₂O₂ % H₂O₂ % H₂O₂ % H₂O₂ % H₂O₂ % 6-A 4.9 6.7  7 6.8 6.6 6-B 6.9 — — —— 6-C 6.9 — — — — 6-D 7 — — — — 6-E 72 — — — — 6-F N/A* N/A* N/A* N/A*N/A* 6-G 7.3 7.62 7.4 7.5 7.4 6-H 6.7 6.42 — — — 6-I 6.9 6.69 — — —

[0066] TABLE 6-G Compo- Initial 2 wk 7 wk 12 wk 22 wk sition ViscosityViscosity Viscosity Viscosity Viscosity 6-A 2784 2477 2192 1920 1545 6-B136.8 — — — — 6-C 259.9 — — — — 6-D 57.2 — — — — 6-E 104.6 — — — — 6-FSOLID n/a n/a n/a n/a 6-G 1352 1250 1092 963.8 844.4 6-H 53 6.8 — — —6-I 158.6 6.8 — — —

[0067] In Tables 6-F and 6-G, the “-” notations are points at which theviscosity became too low for practical purposes, and the test wasstopped.

EXAMPLE 7 Organic Carbonate Based Paint Strippers Containing Soy and/orNaphthene

[0068] This examples illustrates the advantages derived from includingsoy and/or naphthene in compositions containing organic carbonate(propylene carbonate), water, and hydrogen peroxide. Severalcompositions (7A-7L) were prepared by mixing the components stated inTable 7A. TABLE 7A Paint Stripping Compositions 7A-7L Bleached SoyCompo- Bleached Methyl Wa- sition PC BA Soy Oil Ester Naphthene ter H₂O₂7A 41.60 41.60 0 3.25 0 27.10 27.10 7B 42.93 42.93 0.15 0 0 7 7 7C 42.442.4 0 0 1.4 6.9 6.9 7D 39.41 39.41 0 1.48 0 12.8 6.99 7E 39.92 39.920.19 0 0 12.98 6.99 7F 39.35 39.35 0 0 1.63 12.79 6.88 7G 42.04 42.04 01.11 1.11 6.85 6.85 7H 42.84 42.84 0.18 0 0.18 6.98 6.98 7I 39.43 39.430 0.71 0.71 12.82 6.9 7J 39.94 39.94 0.07 0 0.07 12.99 6.99 7K 43 43 0 00 7.00 7.00 7L 40 40 0 0 0 12.99 6.99

[0069] Compositions 7A-7L were employed in paint stripping tests onaircraft paints (Table 7B) and household paints (Table 7C). The testswere conducted according to procedure in Example 1. In Table 7B, run Aemployed a panel which used an MIL-P-23337 primer, an MIL-S-81733 Type 3polysulfide sealant, and an MIL-C-85285 topcoat. In run B, the panel hada wash primer which was a MIL-C-8514 primer, a LAC PRIM MIL-P-7962sealant, and a LAC TOP COAT TT-L-32A. In run C, the panel had ana.(1).ASM4049 system (Boeing paint softening test) which included a BSM1079 Type II primer and a BSM 10-60 Type II enamel. Run D employed apanel having a BSM 10-79 Type III primer and a BSM 10-100 enamel. Run Eemployed a panel having a MIL-P-23377 primer, a MIL-C-2275 sealant, andan epoxy top coat. TABLE 7B Aircraft Paint Stripping Compo- Minutesuntil the paint blistered sition Run A Run B Run C Run D Run E 7A 13.030.87 354 12.85 18.72 7B 13.33 1.18 320 13.2 28.03 7C 14.8 1.22 217 12.1330.3 7D 17.03 1.5 219 13.25 21.08 7E 15.43 1.43 259 13.44 21.2 7F 11.930.88 210 0.49 20.55 7G 16.6 0.43 147 14.12 18.37 7H 9.52 1.25 337 0.3821.83 7I 15.83 1.13 191 14.44 23.6 7J 10.47 0.68 195 15.2 24.47 7K 19.971.75 125.5 7.18 18.25 7L 20.28 2.08 126.7 5.32 20.72

[0070] From this data it can be seen that for these panels with paintcoatings, the relative overall effectiveness of compositions 7A-7L is asfollows: 7F>7H>7G>7A>7K>7J>7L>7I>7B>7E>7D. These compositions comparedfavorably to several commercial paint strippers including Terco 6831,Terco 6776, Bix Tuff-Job Remover (Toluene, MeCl), Parks(Toluene/acetone/hexane/IPA/butylacetate/ethyl-3-ethoxypropionate),Stripeeze (NMP/DBE/limonene), and Strip X(MeCl/toluene/acetone/methanol/nonylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol), the datafor which is presented in the following table. TABLE 7B ComparativeComparative Data Aircraft Paint Stripping Minutes until the paintblistered Composition Run A Run B Run C Run D Run E Terco 6831 34.83 2.8110.72 12.57 26.67 Terco 6776 21.03 2.83 29.23 2.35 6.87 Bix Tuff-Job36.32 1.58 28.82 1.56 2.03 Remover Parks dried 1.33 dried 6.48 DriedStripeze 35.87 1.37 <6 hours 1.48 21.97 Strip X 4.5 1.27 23.02 1.01 2.32

[0071] It can be seen that in some cases the compositions of thisinvention which contain activators provide surprisingly superior paintremoving properties. In general, the alkyl-substituted cyclo-alkane(naphthene) activators provide superior activating properties. Inaddition, these compositions may include possible corrosion inhibition,particularly those containing soy based solvents.

[0072] Compositions 7A-7L were then tested on some household paints. Thetests were conducted according to procedure in Example 1. In Table 7C,run A employed a varnished hardwood panel. In run B, the wood panel waspainted with latex. In run C, the panel was a latex enamel on wood. RunD employed a panel with an acrylic enamel on metal. Run E employed apanel having a latex enamel on metal. Run F employed a panel having onecoat of an acrylic lacquer primer and two coats of an acrylic lacquerfinish. TABLE 7B Household Paint Stripping Compo- Minutes until thepaint blistered sition Run A Run B Run C Run D Run E Run F 7A 11.48 1.521.13 2.23 1.93 14.18 7B 13.23 1.98 1.08 2.73 3.68 12.98 7C 13.47 2.271.97 3.37 2.17 18.83 7D 14.32 2.8 2.22 15.18 3.48 13.3 7E 9.25 3.33 2.95.08 2.02 21.3 7F 9.3 2.97 0.82 9.05 2.05 21.3 7G 15.15 1.8 1.45 9.752.45 6.13 7H 16.3 0.97 1.82 6.47 2.82 16.87 7I 16.17 2.45 1.72 14.1 2.8513.83 7J 8.25 2.47 1.68 11.88 2.18 6.35 7K 16.03 1.97 2.98 5.83 3.0245.17 7L 15.58 1.83 2.88 4.8 1.73 34.85

[0073] From this data it can be seen that for these panels with paintcoatings, the relative overall effectiveness of compositions 7A-7L is asfollows: 7A>7J>7B>7G>7F>7H>7C>7L>7E>7I>7D>7K. These compositions againcompared favorably to several commercial paint strippers including Terco6831, Terco 6776, Bix Tuff-Job Remover, Parks, Stripeze, and Strip X,the data for which is presented in the following table. It may beappreciated that based on the data in these tables, that the soy basedactivators are favorable for home use as opposed to the morecross-linked aerospace coatings as employed in the examples shown inTable 7B. TABLE 7C Comparative Comparative Data Household PaintStripping Minutes until the paint blistered Composition Run A Run B RunC Run D Run E Run F Terco 6831 10.17 2.1 1.02 2.83 2.27 35.93 Terco 67769.05 2.1 1.03 4.26 2.43 21.22 Bix 2.65 0.88 1.2 0.78 1.1 0.65 Parksdried up 0.68 0.78 5.4 1.3 35.75 Stripeze 10.33 1.28 0.97 2.02 0.87 3.07Strip X 2.85 1.02 1.15 1.63 1.37 2.50

[0074] Further modifications and alternative embodiments of thisinvention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of thisdescription. Accordingly, this description is to be construed asillustrative only and is for the purpose of teaching those skilled inthe art the manner of carrying out the invention. It is to be understoodthat the forms of the invention herein shown and described are to betaken as illustrative embodiments. Equivalent elements or materials maybe substituted for those illustrated and described herein, and certainfeatures of the invention may be utilized independently of the use ofother features, all as would be apparent to one skilled in the art afterhaving the benefit of this description of the invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A composition useful as a paint remover,comprising: alkylene carbonate, hydrogen peroxide, and water.
 2. Acomposition useful as a paint remover, comprising: an organic carbonate,an alcohol, an activator, hydrogen peroxide, and water.
 3. Thecomposition of claim 2, wherein the organic carbonate is propylenecarbonate, ethylene carbonate, or combination thereof.
 4. Thecomposition of claim 2, wherein the activator is an alkyl-substitutedcycloalkane, a soy oil, an alkyl soyate, or combination thereof.
 5. Thecomposition of claim 2, wherein the activator is an alkyl-substitutedcycloalkane.
 6. The composition of claim 2, wherein the activator is asoy oil.
 7. The composition of claim 2, wherein the activator is analkyl soyate.
 8. The composition of claim 2, wherein the compositioncontains from about 10 to about 90 percent by weight of the organiccarbonate, from about 0.1 to about 50 percent by weight of the alcohol,from about 0.1 to about 50 percent by weight of the activator, fromabout 0.1 to about 20 percent by weight of the hydrogen peroxide, andfrom about 0.1 to about 30 percent of the water.
 9. The composition ofclaim 2 further comprising an organic cosolvent.
 10. The composition ofclaim 2 further comprising a thickener.
 11. The composition of claim 2further comprising a polyvinyl pyrrolidone thickener.
 12. Thecomposition of claim 2 wherein the hydrogen peroxide is present in anamount in the range from about 3 to about 8 percent by weight.
 13. Thecomposition of claim 2 wherein the alcohol is benzyl alcohol.
 14. Thecomposition of claim 2 wherein the hydrogen peroxide is present in anamount of at least about 4 percent by weight.
 15. The composition ofclaim 2 wherein the composition is in the form of a miscible solution.16. A process for removing paint, comprising: applying a composition apainted surface for a time and under conditions effective to causeblistering or bubbling of the paint, wherein the composition compriseseffective amounts of an organic carbonate, an activator, an alcohol,hydrogen peroxide, and water.
 17. The process of claim 16, wherein thecomposition includes an alcohol.
 18. The process of claim 16, whereinthe organic carbonate is propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, orcombination thereof.
 19. The process of claim 16, wherein the organiccarbonate is propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, or combinationthereof.
 20. The process of claim 16, wherein the activator is analkyl-substituted cycloalkane, a soy oil, an alkyl soyate, orcombination thereof.
 21. The process of claim 16, wherein the activatoris an alkyl-substituted cycloalkane.
 22. The process of claim 16,wherein the activator is a soy oil.
 23. The process of claim 16, whereinthe activator is an alkyl soyate.
 24. The process of claim 16, whereinthe composition contains from about 10 to about 90 percent by weight ofthe organic carbonate, from about 0.1 to about 50 percent by weight ofthe alcohol, from about 0.1 to about 50 percent by weight of theactivator, from about 0.1 to about 20 percent by weight of the hydrogenperoxide, and from about 0.1 to about 30 percent of the water.
 25. Theprocess of claim 16, further comprising an organic cosolvent.
 26. Theprocess of claim 16, further comprising a thickener.
 27. The process ofclaim 16, further comprising a polyvinyl pyrrolidone thickener.
 28. Theprocess of claim 16, wherein the hydrogen peroxide is present in anamount in the range from about 3 to about 8 percent by weight.
 29. Theprocess of claim 16, wherein the alcohol is benzyl alcohol.
 30. Theprocess of claim 16, wherein the organic carbonate is present in anamount of from about 0.1 to about 90 percent by weight.
 31. A processfor manufacture of a paint remover, comprising: combining effectiveamounts an organic carbonate, an activator, an alcohol, hydrogenperoxide, and water to form a miscible composition.
 32. The process ofclaim 31, wherein the organic carbonate is propylene carbonate, ethylenecarbonate, or combination thereof.
 33. The process of claim 31, whereinthe organic carbonate is propylene carbonate.
 34. The process of claim31, wherein the activator is an alkyl-substituted cycloalkane, a soyoil, an alkyl soyate, or combination thereof.
 35. The process of claim31, wherein the activator is an alkyl-substituted cycloalkane.
 36. Theprocess of claim 31, wherein the activator is a soy oil.
 37. The processof claim 31, wherein the activator is an alkyl soyate.
 38. The processof claim 31, wherein the composition contains from about 10 to about 90percent by weight of the organic carbonate, from about 0.1 to about 50percent by weight of the alcohol, from about 0.1 to about 50 percent byweight of the activator, from about 0.1 to about 20 percent by weight ofthe hydrogen peroxide, and from about 0.1 to about 30 percent of thewater.
 39. The process of claim 31, further comprising combining anorganic cosolvent in the composition.
 40. The process of claim 31,wherein the hydrogen peroxide is present in an amount in the range fromabout 3 to about 8 percent by weight in the composition.
 41. The processof claim 16, wherein the alcohol is benzyl alcohol.